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Hidden Hydrosocial Imbalances in Virtual Water Trade: A Bilateral Resource Integrated Diagnostic for Governance Equity (BRIDGE) Framework with Standardized Indices Applied to Italy–Vietnam Case
Abstract
Virtual water (VW) accounting has revealed the scale and structure of global water redistribution through agri-food trade, yet bilateral studies often struggle to demonstrate distinct novelty beyond reporting flows, color composition, and national or global balances. We respond by proposing the Bilateral Resource Integrated Diagnostic for Governance Equity (BRIDGE) paradigm, a transferable and transparent framework that elevates bilateral analyses from descriptive to comparative, testable, and policy tractable.
***(Detailed abstract available in paper due to mathematical expressions.***
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